The impact of climate on the lives of Indonesian people
2.1 Climate that occurs in Indonesia There are 3 types of climate in Indonesia, namely the monsoon climate, the Tropical climate (hot climate) and the marine climate. But Indonesia is better known as a country with a tropical climate (hot climate) because of the location of the country of Indonesia which is on the Equator. The monsoon climate or usually called the monsoon climate is a climate that occurs due to monsoons that blow alternately every half year. Climate This season consists of southwest monsoons (monsoons) and northeast monsoons (dry season). With the wind season, the country of Indonesia can feel the change of seasons once every 6 months, namely the dry season and the rainy season. Usually the Indonesian people are always waiting for the rainy season, because the rainy season has many benefits for the community. the rainy season can help farmers by fertilizing their crops, then can help animals who have difficulty getting water to drink. This season also helps the community not to be short of water due to rain. In contrast to the rainy season, the dry season is not expected by the community. The dry season can make the farmers lose because the harvest will be dry and cannot be sold. Indonesia which is on the equator makes Indonesia has a tropical climate. Tropical climate or usually referred to as a hot climate is located between 0 ° -231 / 2 ° NU / LS and nearly 40% of the earth’s surface. No wonder so many Indonesians have been complaining a lot about this season because it has caused so much damage to society. So many people expect the dry season to end quickly. The country of Indonesia is also a country that has a sea, river or ocean. Therefore, Indonesia has a marine climate. Sea climate is a climate that is humid and brings heavy rain so that Indonesia can experience a prolonged rainy season. With the existence of this sea season, the community benefits to help their survival, but there are people who are disadvantaged by this climate, namely the fishermen. The fishermen will be difficult to sail because of heavy rain. 2.2 Climate elements Climate has the same elements as the weather, namely; 1. Solar radiation: the sun as a regulator of climate on earth is very important and most important on earth. Sun’s irradiation to the earth is influenced by cloud conditions and the difference in the angle of the sun’s rays. 2. Air Temperature: the state of heat or cold air that has diffuse properties. Spread horizontally to show the highest air temperature in a tropical area. Then the vertical distribution shows how high the place is, the cooler the temperature. 3. Air humidity: Inside the air there is water due to evaporation. The higher the air temperature, the more water vapor. This results in moist air. 4. clouds: collection of water points that occur due to condensation of water vapor found in the atmosphere. 5. rainfall: the amount of rain that falls in a certain area and in a certain period of time. 6. air pressure: air that has mass so that it can compress the earth’s surface. The measuring device is a barometer. 2.3 Classifications that are still in use and that have been used in Indonesia Climate elements show a diversity pattern that is the basis for climate classification. Climate classification is based on the intended use, for example for agriculture, marine or aviation. Some classification systems that have been or are still used by the State of Indonesia; a. koppen koppen climate classification system makes a classification based on differences in temperature and rainfall. Koppen is based on five principles of vegetable groups (vegetation). These five principles are symbolized by five capital letters. climate type A is tropical rainy climate, climate B is dry climates, climate C is warm temperate rainy climate, climate D is cold snowy forest climate (cold snowy) forest climates) and finally, climate E is a polar climate. That letter is used as a symbol of the five principles of the vegetable group. b. Mohr’s climate classification system Mohr’s climate classification is based on the relationship between evaporation and the amount of rainfall, from this it is obtained three types of division of months in a period of one year which is called a wet month if rainfall is more than 100 mm per month, and dry months if rainfall rain less than 60 mm per month. c. Schmidt-Ferguson climate classification system The climate classification system was developed by F.H Schimidt and J.H.A Ferguson. This climate classification is very well known in Indonesia. This classification is widely used for the forest climate. Schimidt-Ferguson divides the type of climate and the type of vegetation that grows, the type of climate namely; climate type A (very wet) the type of vegetation is tropical rain forest. Climate type B (wet) which has the same type of vegetation as climate type A. climate type C (slightly wet) whose type of vegetation is a forest that has a type of plant that is able to abort the dry season in the dry season. Climate type D (moderate), the type of vegetation is seasonal forest. Climate type E (somewhat dry) whose type of vegetation is savanna forest, climate type F (dry) which has the same type of vegetation as climate type E. climate type G (very dry) whose vegetation type is grassland and the last is climate type H ( extreme dry) whose type of vegetation is grassland. d. Oldeman classification system Climate classification is based on the amount of water needed by plants, especially in rice. The arrangement of the experts is based on the wet month. Oldeman Climate divides five climate zones and five sub zones. The climate zone is a division of the number of wet months that occur in a row in a year. While the climate sub-zone is the large number of dry months that occur in a row in a year. Giving the name of the zone based on the letter is zone A which can be planted rice continuously in a year. Zone B, which can only be planted with rice for 2 periods of a year. Zone C, which can only be planted with rice 2 harvest times in a year. zone D, which can only be planted with rice once a planting period, and the last is zone E, where rice cultivation is not recommended without good irrigation. Based on the results of the distribution, the Special Region of Yogyakarta has six types of Oldeman, namely types B2, C2, C3, D3, D4, and E4. B2 climate types are spread in wiliyah: Cangkringan District, western part of Turi, northern part of Pakem District. 2.4 The Meaning of Climate Change Because we previously discussed climate, now we will discuss climate change. In general, climate change is called global warming, where there is an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The causes of climate change are caused by several factors and have an impact on people’s lives. Based on the data received, there are several factors causing climate change; greenhouse gas effects, global warming, damage to the ozone layer, damage to forest functions and industrial exhaust gases. With climate change having an impact on agriculture, the economy, human life and many other things. 2.5 Humans can change climate Without us knowing, our activities as a society can change climate. For example, factory activities, smoke from transportation, and agriculture that require a lot of energy obtained from burning petroleum, coal, or gas. To obtain vast agricultural land, forests are cut down and burned. This causes the greenhouse effect. 2.6 The influence of climate on the State of Indonesia As we know, Indonesia has 3 climate that alternates each year. That has a lot of influence on human life. With the change of seasons or climate, it gives advantages and disadvantages for the people of Indonesia. In Indonesia the climate is very influential on human survival. A. Impact on the Tourism sector In tourism, climate can affect the patterns of tourist visitors. As a result of the climate some tourism sites will experience floods, droughts, landslides. So it affects the lack of visitors who come. This makes the tourism sector suffered significant losses. B. Impact on the agricultural sector Climate change that occurs will affect the agricultural sector, one of them on the yield. Some rice fields will experience drought and also excessive rain. Due to climate change, the agricultural sector is experiencing losses due to reduced crop sales. C. Ecological impacts on coastal areas The existence of global warming has a bad impact on coastal areas because it can cause storms and abrasion that can damage coastal ecosystems and cause potential death on coral reefs. D. Impacts on desert regions The desert is the place that receives the least amount of rainfall because of its high surface area. The blazing sun makes the desert planted only with thorny plants. Flowering plants can not live in the desert because of the heat of the sun and little water. 2.7 Climate impacts on the lives of Indonesian people The cause of climate is hampering human activities. The perceived social and economic aspect is the loss of people’s livelihoods, in coastal areas due to rising sea levels making fishermen afraid to sail. As a result, the income of the fishermen is unstable. Fishermen are the victims who feel the most because of climate change. In addition, the impact also has many more impacts, namely; 1. Affecting the place of residence Climate conditions will greatly affect human habitation. This relates to comfort in the move. People will choose to live in a place with a comfortable climate, not too hot and not too cold. If the weather is too cold or the weather is too hot, people will not be comfortable. 2. Influencing farming activities Climate is very influential on farming activities. Many people who take the profession as farmers or plantations. Their profession will be very dependent on climate and weather. The cold climate will create limitations on plants that can grow, such as tobacco. Likewise in hot climates, maybe only a few plants can grow. This then becomes a challenge for farmers. A large distribution of rainfall will cause roots to rot, but very little rainfall will also harm farmers because the cost of production will increase for irrigation. 3. Affects body health Climate also affects body health. Many diseases that appear in a particular climate. For example, flu, cough. As we know that the flu and cough will appear in rainy weather due to cold. Thus the flu and cough is a type of disease that will develop a lot during the rainy season. Then there are also diseases that appear during the dry season, such as throat disorders, fever and so on. 4. Affecting economic and industrial activities Climate influences the livelihoods of many people in Indonesia and even the world. For example in cold areas, there will be many people doing the warm clothing industry and there will also be people who will sell food for body heating. Likewise in hot regions, the industry will focus on making clothes made from cotton, and there will be those who sell fresh food and drinks. 5.Mengegaruhi activities in the outdoors Influence that can not be removed from the climate that is on community activities outside the room. When outdoor activities will be associated with nature. For example when the weather is hot then we will be directly exposed to hot sun, and if it rains we will immediately get wet. Things like this that hinder the activities of people outside the room.