The recruitment process works through job advertisements and respective face-to-face interviews

experience from other Chinese companies having a short-term contract, and sixteen personas worked for an Ethiopian company apart from the industrial zone.

By the demographics of educational achievement, the contribution of EIZ to the em- ployment is displayed. Approximately 10% out of 204 started their first job after finishing primary school in the EIZ, wherein the highest number of laborers, stating 70 who had been interviewed, were graduates from secondary school, together with universities offering dual education system, stating 90 laborers.

This is a way of working and meanwhile studying, which is an excellent opportunity to combine theory and practice at once.

In the industry sector, a Chinese based company called Yangfan Motors, displaying a car assembler that has recruited several students majoring in mechanical engineering as interns [p.15][11].

According to the numbers, the Chinese-based companies do make demands in terms of application requirements.

32 Chapter 4 Results

The recruitment process works through job advertisements and respective face-to-face interviews [p.15][11].

Employees with a bachelor’s or master’s degree have a higher chance of getting hired than applicants with a less value degree or even no degree. In addition to this, the effort of doing know-how transfer will be reduced once more students apply for the job fulfilling the requirement.

For all sectors, within the regular working week, training sessions are provided by Chi- nese. A company like Linde Garment that is exporting to European markets, higher quality standard is expected; thus, longer training sessions for local employees are pro- vided [p.15][11].

This is one of the reasons why a few of the interviewed employees got exhausted be- cause the training sessions were considerably long.

This reflects how China is using its approach to train themselves and what brought them to the top, wherein sacrifices are inevitable. Nevertheless, out of all the interviewed workers, training was considered helpful, including all skills transfer. The Ethiopians evaluated Chinese expertise as very competent in professional skills [p.20][11].

The working conditions vary from sector to sector, meaning employees in the service sector work the most, on average 10.6 hours followed by workers in the manufacturing sector working from 9.5-10.1 hours per day [p.15][11].

Most of the surveyed employees did not complain about poor working conditions, more about the fact that the salary is not enough to cover household expenses, predomi- nately in apartments around the EIZ [p.22][11].

Therefore many Ethiopian employees tend to live outside the “special economic zone,” at affordable rent prices.

Most of the companies in the EIZ with large numbers of workers tend to provide trans- portation such as shuttle buses waiting for the employees outside their firm [p.17][11]. The largest employer in the EIZ is in the manufacturing sector, namely Huajian Inter- national Shoe City [p.15][11].

In general, the interview is not covering the whole labor force in the EIZ. However, the manufacturing company is recruiting most workers depicting a disadvantage in terms of diversification of work.

In other words, the level of competition is higher, resulting in job shortages.

Hence, EIZ is already representing different sectors; however, other companies from different sectors must also recruit employees to diversify correctly, meaning a high job variety provided. Out of all interviewed employees, the feedback was positive, even though improvement in terms of job diversification, increase in wages, and the goal of the work-life balance must be undertaken.

It is well established that, Chinese tend to have a different mentality in teaching, where on the hand, this “special economic zone” led to their economic takeoff and rapid ur- banization, and on the other hand, more time is needed for some Ethiopians adopt China’s mentality fully.

Ethiopia, as a country, is going to benefit from it; thus, more jobs will be provided, and inhabitants help to develop their country with the support of China.

4.3 Comparison of Literature 33

4.3 Comparison of Literature

After reviewing and analyzing all economic, diplomatic, and strategic approaches, in- cluding the respective contribution. Hence the positive aspects of China’s influence do outweigh the negatives referring to the development of Ethiopia.

Nevertheless, the exciting part is how different perspective perceives the Sino-Ethiopian relation, thus leading to a more concrete statement about how the influence of the Chi- nese on Ethiopia can be evaluated.

Various angles show how affected countries adapt to changes and if there is a real ben- efit out of it or rather a propagandized reaction of either the Chinese, Ethiopia itself, or the western world.

4.3.1 Western perspective

Back in the year 2015, it was a quite memorable speech from former U.S. president, Barack Obama in Ethiopia addressing the delegation at the organization’s new headquarter built and financed by Chinese.

After the announcement of Chinese premier Li Keqiang saying that he expects a trading volume for Ethiopia of approximately 100 billion dollars [57].

Both empowered countries, the U.S. and China were competing for more influence in Ethiopia. According to a profound article by “Quartz Africa,” China has already put more activities in place surrounded by vast amounts of investments.

The fact that China and Ethiopia share many similarities, the article insists that this relieves trade relations and further cooperative activities. The very first beginning of approaches happened when both imperial backgrounds ended, and both countries became republics. Both countries witnessed an era of imperial history where already a few formal diplomatic relations between countries were established.

Western sources claim that it displays one of the aspects why China can incorporate businesses with Ethiopia a lot easier than the countries located in the Western world. As stated in the Business Day article: “Both countries feel secure about their pasts and have a defined vision for their futures [. . . ]”[58].

As the article emphasizes, both countries share similarities that are attributable to their history, including the change of regime, the historical kingdoms, and dynasties both have witnessed and represented. Visitors go to each of both countries and pay homage to the people being in charge decades ago. Once people show interest in the historical background of both countries, they might recognize how Ethiopia and China share similarities and that a certain historical connection between them exists. Indeed, in the same article, issues are being mentioned which aggravate Chinese joint venture projects in Ethiopia.

Affected is the ICT sector, which is one of the assisting fields of China regarding their foreign direct investment. The expansion of the network in the country is underway, and connection to other countries via the social platform, for example, has been improved through the support of China. Nevertheless, Ethiopia’s internet is among the least free in the world, as outlined in the “Quartz Africa” article [59].

34 Chapter 4 Results

A nonprofit organization called Freedom house has ranked Ethiopia ahead of only Iran, Syria and China, out of 65 countries concerning access to the internet and release of country-specific information.

Compared to all other countries in the continent, Ethiopia has positioned itself as the worst of any. Anti-government protests are blamed for this poor ranking. The Western world gained the most attention when an Ethiopian marathon runner made up a gesture used by protesters at the Olympics.

As a consequence, Ethiopian authorities have shut down all connections on social media, mobile, and internet platforms. According to the Western world, this is depicting a risky situation because an over and over six-month state of emergency has been declared, imposing a ban where no posts or access to information about the protests on social media are allowed. In addition to that, counter-terrorism laws have been passed, putting pressure on journalists and are even sentencing journalists who post or spread country-specific information. Additionally, most of the Western articles claim that the government-owned EthioTelecom uses its monopoly on internet access, which is limiting access to telecommunication for people living in rural areas. According to the “Quartz Africa” article, Chinese investment in the International Communication and Technology sector is only helping EthioTelecom maintaining its hold on the sector and continue censoring and surveilling citizens [57].

Starting with the youth as a target group because they tend to leave the country it is most likely the young generation.

The guardian has analyzed that almost 200 young Ethiopians across the Red Sea in circumstances of aggravation to reach the Gulf because they see no hope in their country due to political insecurity and lack of job possibilities [60].

China offers Ethiopian youth to get scholarships when considering studying in China. The students will be selected through a Confucius Institute, a Chinese government- affiliated language and culture center being established in Ethiopia. On top of that, Chinese companies provide the construction, foster telecommunication network, and equipment for Ethiopians.

This Western article implies that China already stands for an alternative to the West and that China’s position in the country seems to be deep-seated. The Western views state that China is going to benefit from all partnerships and long-term plans provided to Ethiopia; however, the Western world must react if they want to catch up with the Chinese. As stated by an article from CNN, cars drive through the city on smooth Chinese roads, cranes, sewing machines, and tourists arrive at the Chinese-upgraded airport while using modern built railways [61].

Mostly in the Ethiopian capital city, many signs outlining the plan for Chinese constructed roads in Addis are noticeable.

Most of the articles emphasize how the capital city has been radically transformed, and immense skyscrapers, including the 46-story glass tower, will be the tallest in Ethiopia by 2020, give the city a different flavor that has never been seen before. In line with this, a journal about Chinese perspectives published by a French author outlines that Ethiopia mainly exports resources to China and focuses on buying equipment and machines from China [1].

The article is acknowledging all Chinese actions in Ethiopia, where many projects

4.3 Comparison of Literature 35

have already been realized and contributed to the economic development.

Beyond that other Western sources, it is mentioned that Ethiopia’s arm is being twisted by the influence of China related to giving high amounts of loans.

The Western world fears the debt-trap diplomacy, where China can use this strategy to put pressure on Ethiopia. This will undoubtedly lead to a new way of colonialism by giving the East-African country no feasibility of repaying their debt.

As in Forbes mentioned collectively, the countries would need to spend 130-170 billion dollars per year to meet all infrastructural needs. Consequently, one of the afore-mentioned massive water projects ended up costing Ethiopia nearly a quarter of its total 2016 budget [2].

For Ethiopia, the EU as a whole, was the largest traditional donor in 2009, ahead of the United States.

As stated in the Western journal, European & U.S. donors in terms of financial flows to Ethiopia would not go beyond development assistance, for instance, loans or export credits [p.17][3].

On the one hand, Western countries see Ethiopia as a potential target for future trades and economic advantages, but on the other hand, due to political instabilities, it is, according to the West, not a secured place to conduct business.

Speaking about the political instabilities, the shutdown of the government in the ICT sector was one of the main burdens but also the adverse events on one of the largest floricultural companies in the world, Esmeralda Farms. Esmeralda Farms has been located in southern America and mainly steered by the U.S.

In fact, the company has managed to gather 150 ha of land available in Ethiopia, and they have imported flowers from Ethiopia that generated 30-40% of their turnover [62].

In 2016 the company’s land had been attacked by rebels and destroyed, resulting in economic damage and Esmeralda Farm backed out of a bargain.

Due to this incident and politic instability as criteria, the Western world seems to be quite skeptical in terms of further investment actions in Ethiopia.

Since Chinese minerals tend to be scarce, preying on vulnerable nations like Ethiopia with huge natural resources reserves becomes imminent. As author Cabestan, J.P. states, China’s assistance serves in its interests by promising economic emancipation in exchanging of accessing Ethiopia’s natural resources [p.61] [1]. The Western perspective is generally not satisfied with the fact that China is putting lots of effort into establishing further long-term alliances with Ethiopia. China is not interested in having a fair bilateral agreement with Ethiopia, but also seek to quench its natural resources thirst. Added to this the Western world fears Ethiopia in terms of political instability.

4.3.2 China’s perspective

China’s perspective is based on a win-win scenario case for both sides.

All the partnerships and cooperation between both countries will help foster each other and develop both economically and socially.

36 Chapter 4 Results

According to the article “The Diplomat”which is mainly reporting from the Asia-Pacific region, stated that the West needs to stop complaining and start engaging in Africa [63].

While China is all over Ethiopia with plenty of cooperative projects, Western countries complain about the conditions in Ethiopia and the way China is operating businesses. Analog to the article “The Diplomat” tensions such as trade war or rivalry by compet- ing for new businesses between China and the Western world, especially China-U.S. relationship reappears.

In the article, all accomplished projects and infrastructural zones are being mentioned, which the Chinese managed to build, while the U.S. has placed a significant player in retail businesses whereby global investors could not run their business.

The article is being considered as a type of propaganda mechanism in favor of China with mentioning all malfunctioned manufacturing business from the U.S. Analogue to the main Chinese article “Xinhuanet” mentioning Sino-Ethiopia cooperation it is said that Ethiopia hopes to attract investment from Chinese enterprises under the so-called Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)[6].

The long-term business cooperation between both countries will be continued to boost the achievement of sustainable development goals and foster expanding sectors like in- formation and communication technology and light industries. The preferable term is “long-term,” meaning that China considers long-run projects in Ethiopia even though Ethiopia might not be able to repay the provided loans immediately.

This is one of the decisive differences between China and the Western world that China also tolerates expanding the repayment period of Ethiopia from 10 to 30 years.

The extension of the repayment period is one of the main topics in all different types of sources because it shows how China contemplates to operate and implement projects for extended periods.

Western sources say that China puts Ethiopia into a serious debt trap and that this problem will not be discussed between responsible parties.

According to the South China Morning Post, Ethiopia and China are in serious talks about the debt situation wherein lots of loans for the Belt and Road Initiative are be- ing provided. The article emphasizes the statement of Ethiopian ambassador to China, Teshome Toga Chanaka, where is defending the trade and infrastructure plan, includ- ing that all investments are worth it [64].

In addition to that, the Ethiopian ambassador rejects all criticism that the plan is a debt trap, and he insists on signing the Belt and Road Initiative which covers all projects initiated by Chinese.

Western sources claim that China is all over East Africa, but when going through different Chinese sources, the impact of China on Ethiopia has brought new hope for young Ethiopians finding newly created jobs since 70 percent of Ethiopia’s population corresponds to the youth.

It is a fact that in Ethiopia, there is a gap between the growing needs of young Ethiopi- ans and the supply of resources that leads to frustration within the young-aged popu- lation.

Analog to the analysis from Tegenu, Ethiopia faces 48% of the adult population being in the age group 15-29 [65].

4.3 Comparison of Literature 37

Especially in the newspaper article called “Chinadaily” a public service platform has been shared with Ethiopia where cross-border e-commerce, training, and trade will be provided [66].

China offers a multifunction digital trade hub, where the capacity for building online training, trading programs and specialized programs for young Ethiopian entrepreneurs, business leaders, and university lecturers have been provided.

Their main goal will be to educate certainly young Ethiopians, so that diverse projects such as smart logistics hub and innovations in trade finance can be implemented and further long-term plans can be steered from both sides.

Followed by the long-lasting relation since 1991 between Ethiopia and China, a unique partnership has been formed.

The diplomatic relations between emperor Haile Selassie and the Republic of China have already started in 1970, gradually developed and adjusted until nowadays. As a matter of fact, in most of the Chinese article, the considerable difference between approaches of the Western world and the Chinese world are being mentioned.

Here the diplomatic relationship between China and Ethiopia has improved in fields of politics, economy, and social development, stated by Deputy Head of Mission of the Ethiopian Embassy shared in the article of China Daily [4].

Emphasized by a Chinese journal about Chinese Affairs, Ethiopia is reforming the Eu- ropean aid system, but in contrast, China sees Ethiopia as an important economic and political ally in its new Africa policy.

The journal says that China’s engagement in Ethiopia goes beyond aid and builds a long-lasting relationship, a fact that pressures the EU to boost its efforts to remain an attractive partner [p.9][3].

In Chinese articles, it is claimed that despite the EU being the largest donor in terms of aid volume, no real project had been implemented by the European.

The European primarily focus on assisting social sectors and support for governance reforms, but establishing projects to advance the country economically is not their pri- mary focus.

That is where China and the Western world differ the most relating to different inten- tions. Speaking about real projects in “China Daily,” it is presumed that before the Chinese-built railway, another railroad was built by Western countries, but no sustain- able project was being implemented [4].

Based on Chinese perspectives and their intention of business cooperation with Ethiopia, no project will be started and remained unfinished or even discontinued. Analog to a journal on Current Chinese Affairs, in contrast to European partners, a huge benefit is that Chinese partners do not interfere with Ethiopian domestic politics and policies [p.15][3].

In line with all economic programs in Ethiopia, China is involved by planning 14 industrial parks across the country built by China Civil Engineering Construction Cor- poration (CCECC) along with the Ethiopia-Djibouti Railway project [4]. Corresponding to all implemented and finished projects, there is enough proof com- pared to Western world accomplishments; the Chinese do take their relationship with Ethiopia seriously.

Ethiopia is, in fact, more valuable for China since it can use the low labor and pro-

38 Chapter 4 Results

duction costs to increase their quantity of goods and foster trade businesses, and as mentioned in the previous chapters, businesses between both countries evolved in re- cent years, and further cooperation will follow.

However, external readers reading over Chinese journals like the “Chinadaily,” which is the most significant domestic journal with all relevant information about the Sino- Ethiopian relationship, might think it is a propagandistic perspective considering China’s method implementing projects to benefit from it and making Ethiopia be- lieve fostering it.

Ethiopia would not advance as fast as now without China’s engagement.

Interesting here is, how does the Ethiopian media, press, and journals react to China’s influence?

4.3.3 Ethiopia’s perspective

Several discussions are being made about the China-Ethiopian relationship and if it is reflecting a win-win or win-lose scenario.

According to author Geda writing about the impact of China-Africa investment rela- tions, he is outlining how the relations between both countries have increased in areas like infrastructure, the supply of manufactured goods, telecommunication, and instal- lation of electric power grids.

As in the chapter above-mentioned and according to Geda’s analysis, all these assisting fields contribute to the hike of Chinese foreign direct investment in Ethiopia and the growth of Chinese projects being under pre-implementation and implemented phase [p.15][67].

In the infrastructural sector, many things happen, but how do Ethiopians being in charge of specific projects perceive it.

Mebratu Delelegn is a director of the Operation Control Center responsible for the prominent project, the Ethio-Djibouti Railway financed by the Chinese Bank. He is emphasizing that for this project, a specific workforce is missing, meaning more electri- cal and mechanical engineers need to enroll for a Master’s degree to support or rather guide such projects.

Nevertheless, he sees it as an excellent achievement for developing his country because economic growth has been enhanced by reducing the time of travel for tourists and freights.

In addition to that, more job opportunities have been created for the local workforce. For instance, the train between Ethiopia and Djibouti that stops at 19 stations where for each station, labor force will be needed, such as customer services like restaurants or ticket inspectors and engineers.

Before the implementation of projects like the railway, high transportation costs of goods compromised Ethiopia’s and China’s profitability, but now shipments of goods within Ethiopia and neighboring countries are benefited.

Thus, Ethiopian acknowledge Chinese trainers who highlighted the transition from tra- ditional to new media hence motivating Ethiopian inhabitants to align in using new media or creating a platform where the audience can easily express opinions [68]. Ethiopians realize how Chinese investors do not only establish infrastructural projects

4.3 Comparison of Literature 39

they also include educating potential Ethiopian employees, and this fact is also reflected in the perspective of Ethiopians.

Corresponding to one of the most common Ethiopian news articles, not only economic signs of progress have also been made social-cultural advances such as an Ethiopian who has published a Mandarin-Amharic guide wherein cultural exchanges, similarities between both countries such as traditional food, behavior, etc. are illustrated.

Based on Western articles, the topic is inevitable in how China does operate businesses and the offered working conditions to local employees. Often working conditions in China are quite criticized in terms of working hours, wages, and lousy treatment of employees, which even more affects underdeveloped countries. Interesting here is that according to African Studies and School of Oriental, a comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese manufacturing companies in Ethiopia has been made.

This project was led by Carlos Oya, who has made an analysis of 76 companies among 31 Chinese companies wherein also Ethiopian workers were interviewed [69].

The working conditions and wages in both countries resemble each other even if train- ing and skill development are being provided for Chinese companies in Ethiopia. There might be differences in terms of education but the right measurements to compensate for this issue are on-going.

Researches have been made, but real figures cannot be used even so agreements be- tween Ethiopia and China have been made on how suitable working conditions and wages are justified.

Ethiopia has here granted over three hundred visas for Chinese technicians so that they can manage to transfer know-how, train locals, and initiate operation fast, which leads to better working conditions, including skilled-employees in the future [p.111][70].

In an Ethiopian article “addisfortune,” all industrial projects between Ethiopia and China are mentioned and in what ways they are beneficiary for the Sub-Saharan coun- try.

In the article itself, a statement is emphasized from the office of the Ethiopian prime minister saying that all agreements in the assisting fields like infrastructure will not only facilitate the uninterrupted power supply but also create new jobs [5] .

Based on the Ethiopian journal, many projects are already implemented, but the indus- trial park requires a power supply with the actual generating capacity of the country, as stated by the former Prime Minister Hailemraim Desalegn.

According to Meles Alem, spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: “China is desirous for Ethiopia to further promote its leading role in shoring up the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (..)” [71].

Ethiopian cherish moments like loan agreements between China and Ethiopia to di- minish the shortage of water in specific regions, additionally improve the production and living standards of residents.

However, the different ethnicities seem to be a big problem in Ethiopia, mainly the ethnic with the greatest proportion in the country “Tigray”.

This ethnic group belongs half to neighboring country Eritrea and the other half to Ethiopia, where the specific affinity becomes quite crucial.

Looking at different local and regional Ethiopian sources, the main topic is how the Chinese will also consider conducting investments in the Tigray region. For Ethiopi-

40 Chapter 4 Results

ans, the Tigray people are considered as culturally, and linguistically diverse, which becomes problematic when China approaches Tigray.

Therefore, in several Ethiopian articles, the tension between the Federal Government of Ethiopia and the National Regional State of Tigray aggravates.

The Chinese want to spread their investment activities throughout the whole country, neglecting domestic political and ethical problems. Analog to this intention, Chinese delegates met in 2019 officials of Tigray to discuss investment projects. Afterward in October 2019 more than 15 diplomats who attended the Tigray region to discuss the Ethiopian Federal Government commanded further details to return to the capital city, and discussion between those parties was prohibited [71].

Comparing Ethiopian with other perspectives, it becomes quite clear that the Western & Chinese perspective does not consider the whole picture. In other words, Ethiopian sources refer to the internal ethical problems in the country, and it becomes more im- portant since China aims to do business with everyone in Ethiopia, no matter which ethnic belongings.

Taken out from specific sources dealing with this issue, the root of this political esca- lation between the ruling party and the opposing party, Tigray, causes distrust from which jealousy and hate evolves, consequently freezing economic progress in Ethiopia to a certain degree [71].

According to articles, media, and other literature Ethiopia perceives China’s involve- ment positively, including leaving the country benefitting marks.

However, political and internal tensions stay always an issue for undeveloped countries, which the local media or press will not disregard.

41

Chapter 5 Conclusion

China’s influence on Ethiopia has shown how it can shape a country considered as an underdeveloped country. As mentioned in the very beginning, even though access to essential data about both countries is missing, the evolvement of Ethiopia within the previous years display the signs of progress being made.

Before China’s approach and engagement in crucial sectors contributing to Ethiopia’s economic condition, the country had to recover from several civil wars resulting in los- ing lots of workforces.

Ethiopia’s economy may not rise of western nations, but as we have seen from their po- tential in a steady increase of GDP and GDP per capita income is attainable according to the results and corresponding literature. By China’s influence, economic advances are accomplished, improving Ethiopia’s current situation by reducing poverty, increas- ing employment, and fostering cross-border activities.

These accomplishments are all linked with substantial Chinese foreign direct invest- ments that are in favor of the threshold country, Ethiopia. Analog to the established projects and expansion of markets, new jobs have been created, and Ethiopian peo- ple have several opportunities to educate themselves with China’s supportive approach. Referring to the first hypothesis and used methods to analyze it, China has undoubtedly contributed to the Sub-Saharan country by advancing the country’s economy. With the help of special economic zones, Ethiopia positions itself as an anchor for further cross-border activities, including neighboring countries, even realizing a broad range of outside the country’s subpurchasers. In the future, Ethiopia must not be complacent and solely dependent on China for economic and infrastructural development. The partnership for both Ethiopia and China is fruitful.

About the diverse perspectives of countries, the West has made up their points in terms of high debt level and the fact of how Ethiopia is going to square debts. However, most investments start deep in the red with the real goal to emulate and foster businesses hence to redeem shortly. China managed to open up new sales markets, where the divergence of opinions does occur after the literature comparison of diverse countries. People might argue about ethical issues in terms of working conditions.

Nevertheless, the Ethiopian perspective showed our bilateral agreement between the affected country and the responsible country could evolve. Retaining young educated Ethiopia in the state after their education so that they can provide the necessary skilled

42 Chapter 5 Conclusion

service the country needs to be competitive. The strategies and methods used by the Chinese, it does reach the Ethiopians, thus evolving to an anchor in the Sub-Saharan region. Despite the limitations, which used to constraint the development of manufac- turing, the creation of jobs and an increase in exports, Ethiopia managed to improve its economic status over the years.

The broad implication of the present research implies that China makes Ethiopia com- petitive by attracting other nations in other sectors. A diverse portfolio of countries that they will partner with for existing and upcoming projects.

Overall, all results demonstrate a strong effect of Ethiopia being on the right path. Their economy is considered more advanced, after the Chinese approach and business activities, compared to many other East African economies.

At some point down the line, the country must focus on developing itself rather than committing its economic and social future in the hands of China. Ethiopia has used its partnership with China as a starting point and is slowly working to be independent.

43

Appendix A Appendix

A.1 Interview Mr.X from Chinese Cham- ber of Commerce and Mr.Y from Ethiopian Investment Commission

Question: So far, lots of investment has been made in order to develop Ethiopia but what further measurements need to be made in order to reduce classical economic problems such as poverty?

Answer by both experts: ⇒ narrow the trade deficit and reap its comparative advantage

⇒ One of the pillars of poverty reduction strategy of the country is strengthening international trade in terms of increasing the exports of not only coffee and sesame, also other resources

⇒ Of course, educate the people in Ethiopia with methods like; Offering more face to face trainings from Chinese experts not only in urban areas, also rural areas will enhance the employment status

Question: How will you create/generate more jobs?

Answer by Mr Y: ⇒ scale enterprises and scaling up to the medium size industries thereby creating employment. ⇒ Therefore, import competing protection measures should be adopted through bilateral negotiation.

⇒ And the regulatory and institutional framework should be strengthened.

Question: How do you want to improve communicative restraints which could affect exporting resources to China and vis-a versa?

Answer by Mr X and Y: ⇒ Future negotiations should be pragmatically designed and should consider the sustainability of their relations that could benefit both parties.

⇒ Strengthening the effort to attract foreign direct investment that can enhance the import sector, which could help reduce the trade deficit.

⇒ Political authoritarianism and growing social inequalities have been neglected in the

44 Chapter A Appendix

past in favor of politics, which needs to be stopped. It is less about politics and more about caring of Ethiopian people.

LITERATURE 45

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[2]Shepard, W.: What China is really up to in Africa. https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2019/10/03/what-china-is-really-up- to-in-africa/, 2019

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46 LITERATURE

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LITERATURE 47

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5. ̈
6. tinues to Climb in Emerging Economies,,Au` Pew Research Center.
7. http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/smartphone-ownership-and-internet- usage-continues-to- climb-in-emerging-economies/, 2016
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[34]China Embassy: Ethiopia, China ink partnership MoU for

Africa Information Super Highway project. embassy.org/eng/zagx/t1372823.htm, 2016

1. [35] Freedom house: Availability https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTN
2. [36] Golubski,C.: Trends in Ethiopia’s https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2016/08/17/trends-in-ethiopias- dynamic-labor-market/, 2016
3. [37] Sino-Ethiop Associate: Sino-Ethiop Associate (Africa) . http://sinoethiop.com/?q=content/about-us, 2016
4. [38] Thomson Reuters: Ethiopia PM says China will restructure railway loan . https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-china-loan/ethiopia-pm-says-china- will-restructure-railway-loan-idUSL5N1V628E, 2018
5. [39] Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China : Chinese-built Ethiopia-Djibouti railway wins acclaim for driving Ethiopia’s import-export . http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/counselorsoffice/westernasiaandafricareport/ 2019
6. [40] The World Bank : Enterprise Survey, Ethiopia. https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/data/exploreeconomi