Trans theoretical module
Introduction
Trans theoretical module
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is essential in the behavioural modification of smokers and aiding in the cessation of the habit. The TTM analyses human behaviour by defining the physical, mental, and social influencers towards smoking by an individual during their lifetime. TTM model asserts that human behaviour can either be reserved, self-centred, or average, thus aiding in application of the five stages and indicating the readiness to quit smoking can negatively affect human behavior such that healthy development is altered, including the dystonic, which are negative and syntonic, which are positive crises, according to Erikson. Precontemplation (not planning in the next 6 months) can harbour crises require a reasonable balance for favorable behavior. Disabilities as a form of nature vs nurture can affect human behavior in the sense that the majority of the disabled tend to feel inferior and succumb to smoking. Their self-esteem is lowered, so they behave differently in social places away from their healthy behaviours. Human behavior by the use of psychopathology is open to different approaches and understanding the dynamics of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) in eliminating smoking as compulsive behaviour, which makes it easy to deal with. Through psychopathology, it is discovered that human behavior normalcy and abnormality is affected by both situations and environments that surround an individual. Both the environmental and situational factors influence the behavior by either discouraging or motivating a given behavior.
Precontemplation
Through Precontemplation of cessation of smoking, (not planning in the next 6 months), personality changes define how an individual feels, behaves, and their thinking capacity after undoing going the first realization that smoking is harmful. Personality development occurs when an individual adopts certain positive behaviors through learning to accept the negative effects of tobacco. The learning process can be either active or passive, which is mainly categorized into three approaches, according to Bandura, namely behaviorism, cognitive, and constructivism. Behaviorisms termed natural learning where the individual adapts to the nature of a surrounding environment; therefore, their personality is shaped through observation of the immediate surroundings.
Contemplation stage of Transtheoretical Model (TTM) entails planning to stop smoking in the next 6 months). Contemplation is an essential stage of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM); it requires victims of alcohol and substance abuse to develop mental preparations about quitting improper behaviours. Contemplation is reinforced and sometimes consequential. Contemplation development can occur through cognitive learning, which is achieved by the personal understanding of any new information. An individual’s perception of the information incorporated into them decides their personality. Another approach to personality development is through constructivism, where a preexisting experience and social interactions mold a new character of individuals managing to smoke. The individuals who use this kind of approach depend on role models and urge to experience, i.e. through social influence, hence developing a given personality. Other scholars link personality to life stage experiences; for example, a person might develop a given character as a result of their past either positively or negatively.
Preparation (Determination) as a stage of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) includes the ability to take action in the next 30 days. Additionally, these stages of preparation are characterized differently, and the behaviors of individuals belonging to a certain age bracket are independent of the next age group. The first stage of recovering from smoking is associated with shame, guilt, and trust. The next step of lifespan transition is preparation to use additional time practically. It is majorly characterized by behaviors such as intimacy, isolation, self-confidence, and identifying themselves to certain groups. The last of the lifespan stage is consistency, where the individuals are known for maturity, responsibility, and rejecting offers to engage in smoking behaviour. Family development plays an essential role in individual development either by shaping or directing the individual through the lifespan stages.
Action as an element of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) entails the development of new human behaviours and changes that range from constructive and prolonging the age of a person’s life. For lifespan to occur, there must be individual and family developments that are typically related. Many theories explain individual and family development.
Erikson explains one of them that individual development occurs according to age and stages in life, such as childhood, adolescence, maturity, and old age.
Maintenance is a process of Transtheoretical Model (TTM) requires the individual to be consistent in new behaviours and willing to quit destructive habits. A person is expected to go through optimal development as part of the transition in maintenance under the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Furthermore, human development defines a human being at their late stage of the lifespan, which is old age. However, the development process is challenged by unfortunate events such as addiction, exceptional wellness, and traumatizing events. As discussed below, human development is explained by a number
Termination
Resilience in human psychology is a coping strategy or a recovery capacity after tough life events such as going cold turkey on smoking. Resistance is necessary for as it makes one mentally strong either by going through all stages of mental pain or by getting relief from mental stress. Starting from own individual l, growing to couples, family, culture and the community, resilience can be termed as a basic need throughout the lifespan. Individual resistance is self-renovation and coping mechanism, through meditation, self-control, and taking precaution measures. Couple and family resilience is realized when there is an understanding of each other, ensuring that there is emotional care where people regulate their emotions to avoid hurting one another.
Moreover, there is a need for acceptance and forgiveness. The community and cultural resilience are achieved when the people embrace attributes such as confidence and control for the better co-existence. There has to be a connection among the people who share culture and as a community, so social support is felt. Another way of achieving resilience is by ensuring that individuals are aware of the coping mechanism in case of mental unrest by having sensible communication skills.
Social determinants of health
According to Erikson’s theory, trust and mistrust have been described as the first social determinants of individual health and life during psychosocial development. This stage immediately starts after child delivery up to eighteen months and is vital in laying the foundation for the future of the child. The scene is characterized by the fact the child is uncertain of the world in which he or she is living. Their primary caregivers create certainty among the infants at this level by providing stable and consistent care. Erikson emphasized the role of mothers in making this level of development success because, in most cases, they are the primary caregivers to the children. Despite the changing society where babies are being left to maids and baby care centres, mothers remain the principal caregivers. Therefore they have a significant role in ensuring that the kids develop a sense of trust by giving them the best care a mother can offer. Good care will make the kids develop a sense of confidence, which they will carry forward to their future relationships with other people. It will make them feel protected even when faced with threats in life.
The role of fathers in providing care to their kids has been affected by the societal gender roles where it is the role of women to take care of the kids while men work for their families. Therefore, men end up giving very little care to their children as most of their time is absorbed in work. In reality, they are supposed to spend as much time with their kids as possible, but this only happens on rare occasions, although things are changing in modern society. According to the contribution fathers have been making towards child care, it will only be fair to say that their role is not as important as that of mothers. It is different because fathers have very little time to spend with their children. Some of them come late from the job, and the child in this first stage of development is already asleep, making it even more challenging to provide any care.
Erikson
Erikson made a logical conclusion about smoking addicts who, most of the time, have confused identities. He says that they cannot genuinely quit smoking because the habit requires people with a strong collective identity. I firmly agree with Erikson’s conclusion since quitting smoking is a very painful decision that leads to long-term commitments to new habits. Long term decisions are best made in the sixth stage of psychological development; intimacy vs isolation. This is because, in this stage, individuals have already overcome the identity crisis of adults, and they already know what they want in life.
The primary reason why adults cannot decide on genuine ability to quit destructive habits is that they are in the exploration stage. They are busy trying on different aspects of life and checking what the outcome of their actions is. Most of the things they do are like testing, whether it is feasible in their life or not. One of those various aspects of life faced by adults is the relationships. Many adults engage in substance abuse, but the relationships are always short-lived because it is part of the exploration. You can take the example of high school students, most of whom are adults. They are always having multiple ‘lovers’ who do not even last more than one school term. Teachers in mixed schools will give a testimony of the cases they usually deal with concerning love matters all because the adults are in the exploration stage. The fake promises of quitting smoking and failing are part of experimenting with life and sometimes lead to disastrous results. Therefore, I will agree with Erikson’s conclusion that adults cannot truly love because they have confused identities, and most of the time, they usually do not know what they want in life. Hence, it would be better for them to wait for the next stage of their lives to make relationship commitments.
Nature vs Nurture
Etiological theories of addiction fully explain the different kinds of addictive behaviors inclusive of environmental, neurobiological, psychopathological, and behavioral addictions. Addiction is of varied forms and nature and can be caused by the adverse use of substances such as drugs, internet and social media addiction, pornographic and sex, habits such as gambling, gaming and social entertainment, work addiction, among others. Uncontrolled addictive behaviors severely affect the addicted over a period of time; for instance, they become mentally disturbed, finically strained, social distancing, depression, and disorders and also may indulge in social crimes. Addiction is linked to three types of theories, such as genetic theory, which states that addiction is inherited, i.e., when the parent is a smoker or a workaholic, the child is likely to inherit those traits. Another metabolic theory explains that the exposures to the drugs or other addictive activities greatly influence the surrounding people, and they are bound to be addicted. The last theory states that one can become an addict as a result of a substance taking control over the functioning of an individual. The substance could have been introduced to the body system for therapeutic purposes but ends up being an addiction, and lack of it can result in severe wellness. Several measures have been put in place to prevent and intervention measures to curb addiction, such that giving substances that are less addictive, taking control over behavioral addiction, and creating awareness on the effects of addiction. Addiction lacks specific treatment but is controlled through rehabilitation, guiding and counselling, administering substitute substance, e.g., when treating mental disorders.
Peer pressure
In conclusion, since the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is vital in shaping behaviour, creating more time to quitting smoking is based on the ability to respond to behavioural modification. Human development is undergoing new trends, and new theories concerning them are emerging. Human development today is more of a rooted cultural view. The new dynamics are inclusive of human development challenges, language development, modern education, gender and development, globalization and industrialization, and technological advancement. All these trends in the world directly influence human development by changing their perception over lifespan patterns. The new technology, for instance, shapes human development by either positively or negatively influencing the individuals as opposed to natural social development. There is an evolution of the human mind in that there is an erosion of cultural concepts, and the political and economical thoughts are taking over. In today’s world, children rarely get socially influenced by role models; instead, they are nurtured and trained, and their personality is shaped in schools and sometimes at home. The spiritual shaping is another twist in human development, making people grow their characters while obliged to their spiritual directors such as religion. Conclusively, human development is on a gradual process, and different adaptive measures are discovered in day to day researches because social progress is inevitable, and it needs all kinds of wellness for it to be effective. There is a need for creating awareness about human development and control measures to avert a negative influence.