Why Are There Different Challenges Refugees Faces in the U.S. and the U.K.?
Abstract
The research paper analyzes the different challenges refugees face in the United States and the United Kingdom. The increasing influx of refugees mainly due to war and violence in countries such as Syria, Somalia, Guatemala, and others that have social and political problems have put the U.S. and U.K. under the pressure of accommodating all refugees. In both countries, the main challenges facing refugees are language barriers and cultural competence where refugees struggle to learn and speak the English language, which is crucial in admission, making friends, getting jobs, buying groceries, and generally surviving on both the U.S. and the U.K. Other challenges experienced by refugees in both countries include anti-refugee policies, immigration bans, cultural barriers, education challenges, housing, transportation, employment, and discrimination[1].
The research paper uses both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to collect data and analyze the challenges faced by refugees in the two countries. The main difference between the two nations is the nature of handling refugees in detention camps and the admission process. The U.S. receives more refugees annually and has programs aimed at resettling refugees, but the implementation of anti-refugee programs creates new challenges for refugees globally. In the United Kingdom, immigration into any country within the U.K. is restricted. The policy recommendations discussed in the research to reduce the difficulties faced by refugees in both the U.S. and the U.K. is increasing resettlement admissions, increase placement period, ensure refugees are screened for mental health and protecting refugees from discrimination in the workplace, schools, and society in general to avoid more mental disorders.
Table of Contents
Contents
Theoretical/Conceptual Perspective 9
Challenges that Refugees face in the United Kingdom 10
Psychological and Cognitive Stress 13
Challenges that Refugees face in the United States 18
English Language Difficulties 18
Integration and Discrimination Challenges 20
Policy and Psychosocial Challenges during Resettlement 22
Refugee Detention Challenges 24
Differences between the U.K. and the U.S. Refugee Challenges 27
Introduction
The level of refugees has increased worldwide over the past decade, “More than 70.8 million refugees were displaced globally as at end 2017”[2]. This number is likely to increase due to war, climate change, and economic reasons. Refugees are groups of internally displaced individuals who flee their residential places due to disputes or natural phenomena. Refugees admitted both in the United Kingdom and the United States face different challenges. In both states, there is a legal process that refugees must follow to be accepted. However, the procedure to follow by refugees differs per country. The United States resettlement program used to take 70,000 refugees per year; however, this number has declined since 2017 due to security restriction and processing delays[3].
At the same time, the United Kingdom has revised its refugee policies to ensure they regulate the number of people they allow in their country despite the massive number of immigrants wanting to enter the nation. While the U.K. is trying to limit how many refugees they wish to have in their country, they are also trying to help the refugees who are already in the U.K. become part of their society[4]. Both countries are limiting how many refugees they are going to accept, but at the same time, they do have programs that help newcomers. This paper explains the challenges that refugees face in the United Kingdom and the United States, such as seeking jobs, gender roles, and language barriers.
How do seeking jobs, gender roles, and language barriers impact refugees integrating in the U.S. and the U.K.?
Background of the Study
The rate of refugees in the United States has oscillated since President Trump was elected because the Trump administration has attempted to reduce the number of refugees citing security concerns. The level of refugee admission in the United States has been fluctuating for the last two years (Donald & Sorbera, 2019)[5]. President Trump administration has opposed the proposal terming it as a security threat to the United States.
In both the United States and the United Kingdom, the main problem facing refugees is discrimination and civil rights violations. Refugees are subjected to severe racial discrimination, which includes hate crimes, racial profiling in workplaces, and the community. Racial profiling has its roots in the U.K., based on historical backgrounds where Arabs and Asians were banned from entering many countries, including the U.K. Today, the majority of the refugees in the U.K. are of Arab descent from the Middle East, and they face the same racial profiling as in the United States, where President Trump’s administration is implementing anti-refugee policies to prevent Muslim refugees from entering the country[6]. Even though some refugees are escaping inevitable deaths, both the U.K. and the U.S. deport refugees from their countries due to the rising cases of global terrorism and anti-immigration and refugee policies[7].
According to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees law, refugee resettlement is a human right that should be critically observed. Although the United States and the United Kingdom are member states of many organizations that advocate against the mistreatment of the refugees, they violate refugee law when they prevent admission and resettlement in their country. The background study shows the challenges refugees in both the United States and the United Kingdom face despite both countries being members of several international conventions and accords. In most cases, refugees face similar torments of being racially profiled and discriminated by members of the public and government in general during admission and resettlement in both the U.K. and the USA.
The leading cause of the refugee challenges in the United States and the United Kingdom is discrimination in society, workplaces, and schools. Other factors that challenge refugees in the two countries are the lack of diversity in the judiciary to fight for the rights of refugees. Moreover, racial and religious profiling in the United States and the United Kingdom goes against the country’s foreign policy and its legitimacy against human rights violations. The anti-immigrant and anti-refugee policies which aim at restricting expectant mothers who want to travel to the U.S. by President Trump and the United Kingdom are examples of the abuses of refugee treatment and resettlement rights[8].
The poor treatment of Muslim refugees in both countries will help fill the ranks of the Islamic State with volunteers, mainly young people who lack education and jobs and are susceptible to manipulations. In 2020, Trump’s administration. In 2020 January, President Trump administration directed the State Department to deny expectant women visas to the United States to reduce the number of refugees in the United States. It increased the risks of trafficking, rape, gang violence, and death in their homeland[9].
Methodology
The research methodologies use both qualitative and quantitative methods since the research’s scope accommodates both how critical information was gathered and collected. The qualitative techniques involve the interpretation of data collected through online and offline surveys to determine the refugees’ experiences and their challenges in the United States and the United Kingdom. The variables in this study are challenges faced by refugees and areas in which refugees seek asylum. The independent variable, in this case, is the regions where refugees seek refuge. In contrast, the dependent variable is the challenges. Qualitative research is the most appropriate method in this study since it involves interpreting information and making sense of refugee challenges in the United States and the U.K. The technique is essential because it will help to understand the basic concepts of the study. The method uses trends and past ideas to help give a possible solution to the problem under study. Furthermore, it provides a platform for all participants to give their opinion about the topic of study. Lastly, exploration research is the most appropriate to use in this study because it offers an opportunity to explore other related areas.
A qualitative research approach was used to collect information on the previous research conducted by other studies with authorities of immigration and homeland security to gather their thoughts on anti-refugee policies and the impacts of refugee resettlement on national security[10]. The critical concepts required in qualitative methodology is the proper interpretation of data collected through descriptive writing. The methods of the qualitative methodology used in this research proposal include interviews, focused groups, and online and offline questionnaires. On the other hand, quantitative methods employed in this paper are data analysis of figures on refugees in both the United States and the United Kingdom and calculating the reduction of resettlement over the recent years. The different approaches used for data collection improves credibility and reliability since social media, paper surveys, interviews, statistics, and web-based surveys provided accurate information about refuge challenges. The information analyzed includes laws about refugees in the United Kingdom and the United States, and the judiciary’s role in making sure the rights of refugees are upheld.
Theoretical/Conceptual Perspective
The international human rights law and norms uphold the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in the world by issuing policies to be followed by all nations accepting refugees. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) guarantees refugees fleeing persecution, war, natural disasters, and calamities the right to seek and enjoy asylum in other countries. The American Convention on Human Rights guarantees the right to try and be granted asylum in a foreign territory following the legislation of the state and international conventions. Based on the 1951 meetings, a refugee is a person outside his or her country of nationality and unable to return due to fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership of a particular social group. Based on the international law[11]“refugees have the right of non-refoulment which prohibits States from returning refugees to their home country where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race religion, nationality and member of a social group”[12].
As well, refugees also have the right to freedom of movement and the right to liberty and personal security. According to Oakes states that “They caution that prosecuting persons who cross into the United States to present themselves before a CBP officer and request asylum raises concerns about whether the United States is abiding by human rights and refugee-related international protocols”[13]. In the United States and the U.K., the two nations have not lived up to their full obligations under international law to resettle refugees and focus on their challenges and needs. It is mandatory international human rights for the U.K. and the U.S. to accept refugees in their country and not discriminate against them based on race, religion, nationality, or any other category. The U.S. has reduced the number of refugees it resettles in their nation and bans Muslim communities, which was upheld by the Supreme Court citing security concerns. The two countries under the humanitarian law are accused of not adhering to their policies and practices subjecting refugees to difficulties and other hardships. As such, this has contributed to a reduction in the number of refugees accepted in both the U.K. and the USA.
Challenges that Refugees face in the United Kingdom
According to The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), approximately 126,750 refugees have been reported in the United Kingdom, and there are over 45,000 pending cases of people seeking asylum in the United Kingdom[14]. The United Kingdom is one of the nations that allow refugees to enter the countries in large numbers despite the issue of immigration laws and crime. War ravaged nations in Africa and the Middle East, such as Syria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Afghanistan, face conflicts due to their poor governance, high levels of unemployment, wealth, and income inequality, among other issues. After being displaced in their homeland, refugees seek a home in the United Kingdom for protection and safety. To manage the growing number of refugees coming into the United Kingdom, the government has put in place several limiting factors such as the issuance of citizenship to the refugees as well as increased period to the publication of the grant of a person to be a registered refugee in the country.
The fear of terrorism has forced the United Kingdom to tighten security in their borders to control the high numbers of refugees who have become more uncongenial to the visa allocation and become stern in the residency restrictions. The United Kingdom cares for the refugees and takes that responsibility seriously. Still, the recent series of terrorism has forced the nation to become more cautious, especially after the attacks in Turkey and Lebanon’s insecurity issues. Once the refugees settle down in the United Kingdom, they face many challenges as they try to adapt to the new ways of living, including the language barrier, psychological, cognitive stress, poverty, and unemployment.
Language Barrier
Refugees in the United Kingdom are mainly from the non-English speaking world and therefore struggle to interact with people because of limited English skills. The language barrier leads to a lack of communication, misinterpretations, unwanted errors, and failure to understand each other, especially in critical stages of their arrival, and legal procedures, which are crucial. For refugees, simple things as “language barrier added to other self-image problems, lack of confidence, fear of fitting in a new environment make communication difficult to the point of missing simple interactions with people”[15]. For refugees with English knowledge, there is a lack of mastery. Many people speak English as their second or third languages complicate issues when they arrive in the United Kingdom since accents and dialects make their experience difficult. In today’s interconnected world, most immigrants students lead transnational lives because they are immersed in two different countries[16] English barrier is a massive challenge for refugees who have zero understanding of the language since it plays a vital role in gaining a U.K. citizenship and can be challenging and disappointed for deserving refugees who cannot speak English.
Moreover, even though there are opportunities for many refugees to receive necessary English skills such as attending English classes as a second language (ESL), many refugees are not in a position to receive such learning because of their difficult situations. First, “ESL facilities are usually few and cannot accommodate the influx of refugees entering the United Kingdom from Middle Eastern countries and West Africa with limited English language skills”[17]. Second, many refugees may have access to ESL classes but lack time to attend due to immediate challenges such as treating medical wounds and injuries from war, taking care of young children, the old and the sick in camps with limited resources making it hard to find time to learn a new language in such a short time. The refugees’ challenges resonate around the fear of rejection and discrimination from the population who lacks compassion and understanding of their situations and problems.
Research by Refugee action shows that most refugees in the United Kingdom face English learning issues due to lack of English class despite public support for English classes and lessons 14 for refugees who have escaped death on many occasions, have experienced starvation and tiredness from walking miles and miles before getting to the U.K. Another challenge is the stereotype and negative cultural views on education, especially among older adults who are perceived to be too old to attend school with younger people learning necessary English skills. For many refugees, there is also that part of cultural and religious beliefs where if they learn English, they feel abandoning their culture and taking up the culture of the Europeans[18]. Furthermore, the lack of interaction between refugees in the United Kingdom and the local citizens minimizes practice time since they have to use it during the interaction, such as social groups, discussions, and participation in unpaid work.
Women from countries that treat women as not equal in society and have no exposure to school are the most challenges since learning a new language is difficult and requires high levels of literacy. Besides, the refugees come from countries with war, poverty, and natural disasters, which may have interfered with their education process making learning a new language a problem, and communicating during the learning process is also difficult. As much as literacy levels play a part in learning a new language, self-doubt and lack of confidence can lead to refugees failing to learn the English language faster than usual since they are still adjusting to new environments with different cultures and education systems. The language barrier is one of the many challenges experienced by refugees in the United Kingdom that make their admission process difficult and further affects second language development and acquisition.
Psychological and Cognitive Stress
Human beings usually outlive other animals by adapting to different situations and requirements in their surroundings, and stress affects everybody in society regardless of age, gender and brings physical and psychological effects. According to UNHCR, stress is the survival mechanism that enables an individual to meet the insatiable assimilation process and gain survival traits to adjust to the new environment and surroundings[19]. Refugees in the United Kingdom face mental and cognitive stress from when they land in the country and begin the admission[20]. Even before reaching the U.K., most of the refugees have faced challenging encounters such as war, diseases, hunger, poverty, death, and injuries that have inflicted psychological and cognitive stress to the point of trauma, depression, and mental illness.
According to Murray et al., the subsequent exposure to war, violence, discrimination, and stereotypes further increases the psychological stress for the refugees in the United Kingdom[21]. The stress affects the mental health of refugees, making acquiring primary English language difficult and almost impossible because learning requires a settled mind. Moreover, the direct exposure to war zones among many refugees fleeing to the U.K. leaves them with mental stress due to seeing many people die and violence and may suffer from a post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric disorders that impact their lives forever. Warzone poses difficult decisions for refugees who flee their homelands, leaving behind family members, friends, and relatives, which causes psychological and mental stress for refugees.
The psychological and spiritual stress translates to other challenges faced by refugees in the U.K., including failure to concentrate in the process of learning and resulting in fear, self-doubt, and low morale in communication advancement and general knowledge. Besides, the movement of refugees from the Islamic regions to the United Kingdom where there is a difference in language, culture, and religion creating stress and uneasiness that is portrayed in the inability to learn and acquire a second language. The lack of motivation and self-drive among the refugees makes them not prioritize the ESL classes, which may negatively impact their experiences in gaining admission and U.K. citizenship[22]. Stressful situations and experiences also possess health challenges for refugees in the U.K. who live in refugee camps with little access to quality healthcare services and may contribute to fatal diseases such as strokes, learning inabilities, and other illnesses.
Perception is another cognitive factor that contributes to how refugees perceive the English language, impacting the learning process and acquisition. If the U.K. refugees view the English language as hard to understand, this will form a negative impression that will affect their communication skills and the rate of acquiring the language in the long-run. Moreover, Murray states that “psychological and cognitive stress contributes to other social problems such as drug abuse, psychological issues, psychotic disease, and mental illnesses”[23].
Refugees in the U.K. engage in drug abuse to deal with their stress and depression in a new environment that perceives them as worthless people at a time, lowers their self-confidence, life morale, and lack of enthusiasm for learning the English language to survive in the country. Psychological and mental stress is a challenge that refugees face in the United Kingdom, which affects their learning process in acquiring a new language and communicating with local people.
Cultural Barrier
Cultural barriers are another challenge refugee face in the United Kingdom since many refugees come from different cultures with diverse traditional norms, interactions, dressing, and socialization. Cultural differences amongst the refugees in the U.K. impairs the speed people will learn new cultures, language, communication skills, and nonverbal languages that are key in daily interactions. Since most refugees in the United Kingdom come from Syria, Turkey, Middle Eastern countries and West Africa with diverse cultural backgrounds, the level of adjustability is a challenging issue that affects them in job hunting, simple interactions with people, learning process and adjusting to elements in the new environment.
The refugees’ cultural differences with British society may be challenging, especially for those who are used to dominating women and are not used to women in power and in a position to reprimand them. Moreover, cultural barriers are challenged faced by refugees in the U.K. since they lack virtues such as polite expressions that are necessary for surviving the new society. The difference in culture may be intimidating for some refugees causing an inferiority complex that hinders them from acquiring a new language, communicating with other people, and adjusting fully in the U.K.
Poverty
One critical challenge refugees encounter in the United Kingdom is poverty caused by loss of all their possessions when fleeing their countries and seeking refuge in the nation with only clothes in their backs and few belongings. For instance, an annual estimate by UNHCR of 2018 indicates that approximately 1.2 million refugees in the United Kingdom suffer from poverty issues[24]. The life of refugees is like starting again in a new country with nothing, no job, no food, no shelter, and other basic needs, which creates hardships and sufferings among the refugees. Poverty is a recurring challenge for refugees in the U.K. since the majority of refugees have no formal education, which lowers their chances of acquiring employment to sustain their families. Poverty and lack of basic needs lead to stress and depression among the refugees in the U.K., which contribute to their poor performance in learning the English languages and assimilated with the culture and people.
Research and studies show that refugees in the United Kingdom are the most susceptible to lack of employment opportunities due to lack of education, discrimination, income inequality, and unfavorable prejudices[25]. Refugees live in poor houses and struggle to meet their daily needs, which forces them to take up any job even if it is paying poorly or jeopardizes their health. Demographic information indicates that refugees in the U.K. from different parts of the world live in extreme poverty, and many end up on the illegal side of the law with drug issues, prostitution, crimes, and other social problems. For example, an annual estimate by UNHCR shows that approximately 57 % of refugees seeking asylum in the United Kingdom live below the poverty levels[26]. Moreover, refugees face the challenge of education advancement since there are specific laws that require refugees to have lived in the U.K. for a particular time to qualify for education programs that may increase their chances of getting a job, For example, The Aliens Restriction Act 1914 states that refugees are allowed to reside in designated areas. Therefore, refugees should be treated fairly as the state in the act.
The lack of inclusivity and equal distributions of resources among the refugees in the U.K. make them one of the poorest people in the country and lack social and education skills to advance themselves. The poverty of refugees is also brought by a lack of proper insurance to access quality healthcare, which negatively impacts refugees in the U.K. who most do not have valid documents. The fear of deportation forces many refugees to stay at home even when extremely sick, and this contributes to their poverty levels and lack of jobs[27]. Children of refugees also face the challenges of lack of proper education and healthcare, which may adversely affect them growing up and repeating the cycle of poverty. Refugees in the U.K. face poverty, which impacts their daily lives, including language development and learning, unemployment, poor health, and low standards of living.
Challenges that Refugees face in the United States
English Language Difficulties
Refugees in the United States face the same challenges as refugees in the United Kingdom since they have difficulty learning English. Another challenge refugees in America face problem raising children and helping them succeed in school. It is very challenging for refuges to raise children in a new, unfamiliar culture, which may be at odds with their own cultures as kids get Americanized. Parent-child dynamics occur since children of refugees learn English faster than their parents creating communication barriers in their families, especially with teens.
Moreover, due to the lack of proper English language background and familiarity with the western education system, children of refugees in the United States struggle to keep up in class and faces discrimination and bullying from other kids. Refugees in the U.S. face similar struggles as refugees in the U.K. since both efforts to secure work and are happy to take up any job even if it is poorly paying and risks their health and family time[28]. Refugees who are educated and hold better positions in their countries struggle to get similar jobs in the U.S. since certifications outside of the state usually don’t transfer. It is prevalent to find refugees in the United States working as taxi drivers despite being doctors and engineers back in the home country.
In the United States, refugees are easy victims of discrimination and exploitation in the workplace since they are desperate and usually assigned jobs that are less desirable and even dangerous roles. Another challenge of refugees in the U.S. is difficulty in securing housing since they are expensive and lack jobs to finance their basic needs. Landlords exploit refugees by forcing them to live in noisy and badly kept apartments with bedbugs and additional fees[29]. The lack of English language and unfamiliarity with American laws, most refugees, obeys with questioning the exploitations and discrimination directed to them in housing and workplace.
The resettlement process in the U.S. prioritizes family reunion and cultural integration when choosing a place to resettle refugees. Those who have family and friends willing to host them are given the opportunity. In contrast, the others are taken to a location where they can be able to find cheap housing and employment to kick-start their livelihood[30]. The resettlement must also take into consideration the local community’s willingness to accept them. Therefore, it is ordinary to find people of a particular origin settled in a specific place. Unlike immigrants who are admitted to the U.S. through family or employment opportunities, refugees are here solely on humanitarian grounds and are therefore not expected to be self-sufficient economically. That is why they are entitled to relieve and aid many years after entering the country. Federal programs aimed at helping the refugees resettle Medicaid are all due to the refugee act, which entitles them for the same.
Similar to most well-intentioned policies, the benefits are not what one could expect. The operations through helpful do not prepare the refugees for self-sufficiency and mental health. Most of the challenges facing the resettlement of refugees are inter-related. Since most of them are from hardship areas, they are already traumatized, and their mental health is affected. However, research has also found that lack of appropriate employment and financial dependency also plays a critical role in prolonging the distress[31]. This may be the reason children learn English faster than their parents and thus have to act as their interpreters and sometimes decision-makers, which has a secure connection with dysphoria for the parent, especially the father. Since most of the refugees come from regions where fathers make every decision, a reversal of their role may result in depression, and attempts to regain control are manifested in the form of anger and, thus, domestic violence. Sometimes one can be depressed due to being unable to find a job that they are skilled at. For instance, one may have been a doctor in his home country, but they are forced to do menial work for survival because their licenses are not recognized in San Diego or any other County[32].
Integration and Discrimination Challenges
Besides, refugees in the United States comprises of people who are escaping war from war-torn areas such as Latin American nations and Middle East regions and thereby do not speak the English language. Adjusting to the American culture and the Western system is difficult for the refugees who first endure long periods in refugee camps before being accepted and being part of the nation. Integration is the act of relating with other people on a personal basis through communication, sharing similar activities, and culture. Refugees lack those ingredients that will aid them in interacting with the American people. This is a huge challenge that they must face to gain any jobs, friends, make simple transactions, and conduct day to day activities.
The majority of refugees move during the mass migration without proper guidance and find a new culture and system that they are forced to adjust within a short period, which is very challenging. The main difference between the challenges refugees face in the United States compared to the United Kingdom is the high levels of discrimination and stereotype in America. Americans view refugees and other illegal immigrants as a low class who want to steal their jobs and do not deserve to be in the country. The harsh treatment of refugees makes them feel isolated and left out in many areas of the economy, society, and politics. The most affected people from integration and discrimination are children of refugees who lack parental support and experience to handle the negative reception and stereotypes thrown at them. At a younger age, children of refugees are the most affected since they feel isolated in schools, communities, and even new homes, which affect the possibility of achieving their career goals.
Children of refugees also struggle to integrate into the American culture since they have a rough background based on their experiences in refugee camps and war turmoil in the country. Even though their new life in the country is more comfortable and higher quality compared to their motherlands, the level of prejudice and discrimination they face leads to communication and integration challenges. Children of refugees develop a sense of hopelessness since they are being left out and are not given a chance to showcase their real identity and integrate into society. Muslim refugees, in particular, face harsh discrimination by American citizens since they are perceived as threats to the security and suffer from hate crimes. After the 9-11 attacks, refugees from Middle Eastern countries struggle to first gain legal admission in the United States. When they get, they are treated differently for fear of being terrorists[33]. The U.K. and the U.S. share the same perception of refugees from the Middle Eastern countries, particularly Muslims, for fear of national security. All these discriminations and hate crimes make the life of refugees in both countries very challenging in terms of gaining good jobs, better education for children, being integrated into the communities, and protection from hate crimes and unfavorable prejudices.
Policy and Psychosocial Challenges during Resettlement
The issue of refugees and immigration in the United States raises political, legal, social justice, and psychosocial factors. Refugees enter the United States through resettlement programs where a person is declared a refugee by a host nation or The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) before being allowed to be resettled and admitted in the United States. Throughout the resettlement period, refugees undergo different challenges that affect them mentally, socially, and psychologically. The resettlement policies in the United States are primarily influenced by other factors such as religion, refugee’s host country, and immigration policies of the country[34].
Since President Trump took office in 2017, the United States has decreased the number of refugees it accepts and rejects more Muslim refugees compared to refugees that identify as Christians[35]. The Trump administration has a strong opposition against Muslim nations and has banned any immigration by people from several Muslim countries and has reduced the number of Muslim refugees it accepts in its borders. The religious factors in resettlement policies cause enormous challenges for refugees who have nowhere to go and are discriminated against by the basis of their religion, even if they are good people[36]. Religious discrimination is a common occurrence among refugees due to the history of violence and terrorism associated with affiliated Muslim groups causing Muslim refugees to be rejected by association.
Furthermore, another challenge refugee face in the United States during admission is the emergence of anti-immigration policies that impact refugee resettlement. The United States immigration and refugee policies affect the emotional and social stabilization of migrant populations, including refugees. The admission process is long and complicated, which involves several background checks, which can cause biases and discrimination, especially for Muslim refugees and other minority groups. In both the United States and the United Kingdom, xenophobic anti-refugee policies fueled by racial and religious intolerance complicates the admission process of refugees[37]. Muslim and minority races such as Blacks, Latinos, Asian, and Natives face xenophobic and discrimination from the citizens of both nations and sometimes causes tensions among several countries. Recently, the controversial anti-immigrant and anti-refugee policies passed by the Trump administration caused anxiety among several nations and prompted a debate about the treatment of refugees in detention centers and the deterrence of admissions[38].
Refugees who are still in detention centers in both the United States and the United Kingdom face many challenges such as sexual exploitation among women and children, discrimination in the admission process, and lack of quality education and other basic needs during the warehousing period. The resettlement challenges for refugees in the United States brought by harsh anti-refugee policies aim at blocking refugees from reuniting with family members and halting the admission process altogether[39]. The number of refugees being admitted in the United States has shrunk drastically in recent years due to changes in procedures for refugee resettlement fueled by religion, racial, and region discrimination. All the refugee communities in the United States face the challenges of being sent back to their host nations by the Trump administration, which is implementing a reduction in resources to justify cutting refugee admissions. However, this only happens in the United States.
Refugee Detention Challenges
In the United States, the detention of refugees has become a common phenomenon and has severe, lasting effects on individuals and families. Detention centers are areas why refugees are kept before finalizing their admission process and being resettled in the United States or the United Kingdom. The immigration numbers are rising, and the UNHCR is concerned about the challenges refugees, especially women and children, face in detention centers, affecting them mentally, physically, and psychologically. The Trump administration has weaponized immigration policy, which includes anti-refugee laws that aim at keeping them out of the country’s border for fear of economic effects and national security. The challenges refugees endure in detention centers is against human rights and dignity and showcases incidences of racial discrimination.
Women and children seeking admission in the United States from Latin American countries due to political tensions such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Cuba, and other countries are kept in the detention centers for hours without proper medical checkups and basic needs. Recent research and studies show that most refugees experience high rates of mental illness while in detention camps and even after their settlement[40]. The mental illness in detention camps is caused by a combination of psychological, biological, and environmental factors. The practice of shackling and holding pregnant women in detention centers has contributed to miscarriages among women of color, which have resulted in mental illnesses, including anxiety, depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder, self-harm, and suicide ideation[41]. The causes of mental illness among refugees in detention camps are the psychological trauma developed from witnessing war, violence, death, and other challenges while fleeing from their countries. Most refugees are from poor,, and war tone countries and refugees are forced to deal with violent situations to escape death, war, and conflicts and sometimes leave their family members behind who are injured or dead. All the emotional issues related to running from one’s country and seeking refuge in a new country with different cultures and language results in the mental breakdown are causing mental illnesses.
The process of adjusting to life in the United States after resettlement or during the time in detention camps is very stressful to the refugees. It can result in increased anxiety and levels of depression. Moreover, the United States is banning reunion of refugees and their family members, including women and children, and this causes stress among refugees in detention centers. After President Trump passed the anti-immigration and anti-refugee policy to the banned reunion of refugees and their family members, the decision was met with angry uproar from human rights activists and the refugee community in general. Refugee settlement is viewed as a human right, and the denial of this human rights is a breach of human rights law and discrimination towards people of color and Muslims.
Cultural competence is the understanding of the difference in cultures between refugee’s home country and the United States in terms of climate, environment, friends, language, family, social system, and lifestyles. Cultural competence is a challenge all refugees must confront in their stay at detention centers and after resettlement to adjust to the daily routines such as finding work, buying groceries, talking to neighbors, and other chores. Refugees struggle with cultural awareness and knowledge acquisition, which involves learning a new culture, language, and experiences, which is confusing. The refugees’ adventures in their home country, transit, and detention camps make them more prone to culture shock and challenges in developing professional relationships. In most cases, refugees guard information due to language barrier and fear of exposure, past experiences with oppression, and mistrust of authority. This makes refugees suffer in silence since they fear to report incidences of abuse and mistreatment to authorities or healthcare facilities for fear of legal consequences such as deportation[42]. Consequently, this denies them opportunities to find solutions to their problems.
In rural areas in the United States, the integration of refugees into society is challenging since blending in with the new culture and language barrier complicates the situation. Refugees living in rural areas argue that English is a significant component of integration, including both speaking and writing English. Refugees are limited to participate in community events and make a social connection due to language barriers. Rural employment opportunities are a right way of overcoming the English language barrier. The provision of jobs to refugees with little English language skills boosts their confidence and encourages them to learn English. In addition, refugees face interpretation challenges in smaller communities with fewer employees and interpretation workers. Refugees stay in line for a long time in hospitals and other healthcare facilities since they cannot understand Healthcare language, which is more complicated. They are forced to wait for the interpretation line, which takes time, leading to time waste and low service provision.
Another measure of the integration of refugees with American culture is housing. The availability of accommodation in rural areas of the country is a crucial indicator of the challenges and solutions to refugee problems. In most cases, refugees struggle to find good housing after resettlement due to a lack of finances and money to acquire a good house. However, in rural areas, the government has initiated rural employment opportunities that enable refugees to get houses and live together with other Americans boosting integrations and assimilation to the new culture.
Education is another critical indicator of integration in rural areas among refugees since the inclusivity in the learning process helps refugees learn English faster and catch up with other students in the class.
Moreover, refugees suffer from cultural deprivation leading to a grief reaction and homesickness. Migrating to a new country with a new culture, language, social structures, and support networks is challenging. It can weigh heavily on the emotions and mental stability of refugees in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Cultural bereavement is a grief experience of refugees who are uprooted from their home countries and resettled in a new country resulting from loss of social structures, cultural values, and self-identity. Americanization is the loss of self-identity among refugee children, where they adapt to the American culture and forget their identities, values, and social structures[43]. Cultural deprivation is more intense and complicated for refugees who still have other family members and friends in the home country and cannot reunite due to anti-immigration and anti-refugee policies in the country.
Differences between the U.K. and the U.S. Refugee Challenges
The key difference between the challenges experienced by refugees in the United States compared to the United Kingdom is the religious profiling in the U.S. In 2018, the number of Muslim refugees admitted into the U.S. dropped more than other religious groups showing a case of religious profiling among refugees. This is the main challenge affecting refugees seeking resettlement in the United States compared to the U.K. In U.K., Muslims are not profiled as much, and there is a balance between Christian and Muslim refugees resettled in the nation. According to, “U.S. refugees resettlement is on pace to remain at historically low levels since 2018 due to tighter anti-refugee policies”[44]. Since President Trump took office in 2016, the number of refugees resettled in the U.S. has significantly declined for the reasons of security concerns and fear of terrorism.
Another difference between the two nations in terms of refugee plight is the number of people resettled in recent years. In the U.K., the country has resettled the majority of Syrian refugees who are fleeing from war, while in the U.S., the number of refugees resettled is shrinking despite the global growth of refugees from countries facing civil war, natural disasters, and other catastrophic issues.
Furthermore, another difference is the fundamental challenges to the integration that refugee doctors and nurses in the U.K. and the U.S. face as they attempt to pursue careers in their chosen professionals. In the U.K., refugee doctors and nurses face a more targeted approach where they are considered to pursue careers in their chosen professionals, in the United States, little attention is paid to the group of refugees, and it is common to find qualified refugees doctors and nurses working as cab drivers or manual work. The challenge of continuing with the profession and work from home country is a challenge facing many refugees in the U.S. since they do not recognize any credentials from outside[45]. The case is different in the U.K. since refugees are successfully integrated and become a significant asset to local healthcare systems.
Comparing the detention of refugees in the U.K. and the U.S. shows different migration and refugee policies and how each country demonizes the state of refugees and their plights. In the U.K., refugees are faced with harsh treatment from the local media and citizens who demonizes the situation and railing against refugees for many years. The media and public concerns affect judicial decisions in the country when it comes to matters of refugees. The prejudices and discrimination in the media against refugees are more prevalent in the U.K. compared to the U.S., which does not get publicized in magazines and websites that much. The U.S. focuses more on undocumented persons rather than refugees since undocumented persons possess more security risks and economic problems that innocent refugees from poor and war-torn nations that are escaping war and death from their home countries. The U.K. detains more refugees due to security reasons compared to the U.S., showing that the two countries focus differently on undocumented people and refugees.
Main Findings
The key findings from the research about the different challenges refugees face in the United States and the United Kingdom are the lack of access to healthcare services. In most cases, refugees lack medical insurance and coverage to access quality healthcare services in their new countries. The lack of English language skills further complicates their situation since they cannot express their challenges to other people and hold communication with healthcare officials. Refugees from Syria and other war toned regions reported to have poor healthcare management since most showed incidences of non-communicable diseases, chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes from poor nutrition and starvation. Apart from chronic diseases attributed to environmental factors in their new surrounding and cultural dislocation, most refugees had widespread mental health problems and lacked access to healthcare facilities.
The mass migrations in the Middle East and Europe show the same trends in the poor health of refugees since they lack access to medical care and fear to seek healthcare services for fear of deportation and other legal issues[46]. Refugees are exposed to various stress factors in their journey to the destination location, which negatively impacts their mental health status. Pre-migration factors also play a role in the high numbers of mental illness among refugees, especially economic hardships, danger and separation, detention, hostility, and uncertainty. The U.S. and U.K. governments have the responsibility of providing healthcare support, especially mental checkups, to all refugees to avoid this challenge, which affects their families. Other solutions to reducing mental illness among refugees are the provision of general support to meet their daily needs, ensure safety, acceptance, and social integration. Refugees are human beings, and a show of compassion towards their challenges would ease their mental stress and anxieties and help them integrate well in the community, learn the English language and find jobs. However, failing to accept them will deny them opportunity to find solutions to their problems.
Furthermore, refugees’ challenges arise during travel and first arrival at the destination country. The most common health problems related to the journey from their home country to the final destination include accidental injuries, gynecological and obstetric complications, cardiovascular events, respiratory issues, and dermatological diseases. Gender-specific problems are also a challenge for refugees in both the United States and the United Kingdom, such as maternal, reproductive issues, and access to contraception. Female refugees and children are at high risk of sexual abuse and pregnancy due to inadequate access to contraception and other medical services. Moreover, due to the large numbers of refugees in detention centers and during mass migration, exposure to violence, nutritional problems, drug, and alcohol abuse increases the risk of non-communicable disease. This all the challenges refugees face during their travel, in detention centers, and after settling in either the U.K. or US[47].
After arriving in detention centers, refugees are rarely screened for mental illness since the WHO recommends checks for both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases[48]. Common mental health disorders, including PTSD, is prevalent in children and adolescents who have experienced trauma. The government should include mental healthcare to prevent escalation of depression, stress, and anxiety among refugees in detention centers, which may impact their future learning development and integration in society. After refugees have resettled, the healthcare challenges they face include chronic diseases such as HIV and hepatitis, which may affect their long-term health[49]. Lack of access to quality healthcare puts refugees at risk of acquiring more terminal illnesses if not properly checked and supported by all parties. The key findings are mental challenges faced by refugees in the United States and the U.K. brought by diseases and health risks developed by refugees during transit, detention centers, and after resettlement.
Policy Recommendations
The recommendations to prevent challenges faced by refugees in the United States and the United Kingdom is a relocation plan which ensures the safety and resettlement of refugees from Syria and other countries manned with war and violence. The United Kingdom must ensure all refugees are protected, especially women and children, irrespective of their immigration sectors to curb the rising cases of discrimination and mental illnesses among refugees. This recommendation seeks for the government to identify people who are in real need of protection and affording their security blanket. For refugees who are denied admission, the government should accord them humane and appropriate treatment, including safe return to their country of origin and not discriminating and abandoning them. In addition, both the United States and the United Kingdom should implement a long-term strategy that curbs the current influx of refugees and immigrants by providing adequate political, diplomatic, and economic investment in countries of origin. In doing so, both countries will be able to control the number of refugees migrating to their countries.
Another policy recommendation to ensure the health of pregnant people in the U.S. refuge and immigration system is the elimination of detention of pregnant people unless under extraordinary circumstances. Shackling of pregnant women in detention centers raises rates of miscarriages and other health complications, which, if untreated, results in mental illnesses, including depression, PTSD, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. The U.S. government should increase investment in community-based alternatives to detention to reduce the rate of women abuse and challenges in detention centers. Detention facilities are notorious for the provision of poor healthcare services to pregnant people, and the stress and conditions of detention lead to disastrous consequences for detailed pregnant refugees and immigrants. Shackling is an abuse of human rights, and this can lead to pregnant people suffering from psychological and physical complications such as miscarriages, which have been experienced in the United States.
Under the Trump administration, women in detention centers have made numerous reports to immigration custody of having their access to comprehensive reproductive healthcare, especially abortion restricted. This practice of discriminating people of color and harsh treatment is a continuation of historical abuse of minority people especially Black people, women and refugees since they lack power and voice to defend themselves, Mistreatment of women and children is very rampant in refugee detention and other violations such as sterilization and forced birth to exert power and control over refugee women and deny them bodily autonomy. It is common to hear cases of pregnant women miscarrying in detention camps due to a lack of healthcare services and being ignored by security workers when they demand their reproductive healthcare and services.
In addition, recommendations for reforming the resettlement program in the United States and the U.K. are to increase the ceiling for admissions. The reduction in admission ceilings in the two countries is contributing to the challenges refugees are facing. The government needs to restore the admission ceiling to the normal levels to accommodate for resettlement of refugees in detention centers and those seeking admission. The Muslim ban implemented by President Trump has detrimental effects on the lives of refugees who have waited for admission and are uncertain about their future. Moreover, lengthening the reception and placement period will improve the resettlement process and admit more refugees into the country. Increasing the placement period will allow new refugee arrivals to get their footing and accustomed to American life and ensure self-sufficiency.
The inclusion of mandatory mental health screening during resettlement is another recommendation that will curb the challenges faced by refugees. Mental health screenings should be added to other essential services given to refugees once they land into the country, such as English language classes, cultural orientation, job-readiness training, medical screening, school enrollment, and social security. Mental health screening is important since “many refugees suffer silently from mental disorders such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety since they were not screened after resettlement”[50]. Furthermore, the need for data collection and evaluation is another recommendation to improve resettlement programs and reduce challenges encountered by refugees in the U.S. The researcher needs to expand its data collection to identify best practices to tackle mental health and standardize procedures to be followed when addressing refugee mental health in all resettlement programs[51]. Resettlement period is also a challenging time for refugees since they are still struggling with past traumas experienced in their home countries, during transit and time at detention camps. The government should protect refugees after resettlement from psychosocial stressors such as discrimination, lack of economic opportunity, and significant social isolation. In doing so, refugees will be able to find peace which they were denied in their home countries.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the plight of refugees in the United States and the United Kingdom is similar, and both countries are not exempted from the moral and human rights implications of responding to the existential needs of the rising numbers of refugees seeking resettlement. In both countries, refugees faced different hardships such as problem learning and speaking the English language, which impacts their lives adversely. Refugees receive harsh treatment from the local citizens of both countries since they are perceived as threats to the national security and jobs of the citizens. In most cases, refugees are discriminated in the workplace, and children of refugees isolated and negatively judged in schools due to a lack of English language skills and lagging in classes. Muslim refugees also face the challenge of discrimination since they are not admitted to resettlement programs compared to Christian refugees due to fear of terrorism and violence.
Refugees undergo psychological and emotional difficulties due to the exposure to violence, hardships, discrimination, sexual and physical abuse during mass migration, dentation camps, and after resettlement. Refugees also face the difficulties of getting job opportunities due to lack of education and the English language and, in some cases, due to religion and racial discrimination and prejudice. The recommendation policies to reduce the difficulties faced by refugees is increasing the admission number of resettlement programs, create refugee programs that allow them to be admitted despite the racial and religious background since resettlement is a human right.
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[32] Adedoyin et al., 95
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[49] Fazel, pp 1309
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