NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Communication is the process of transmitting information from one location to another or from one person to an individual or group of people [1]. Communication involves a sender or senders, a message, and recipient or receivers. Communication faces different types of barriers include cultural situations, emotions, location, and the medium being used to communicate. Nonetheless, nanotechnology has been applied in communication engineering to eliminated these obstacles in the process of communication [1].
One of the examples of nanotechnology in communication engineering is in mobile devices [3]. These mobile devices have enabled the invention of high communication levels and computation because they have been embedded with nanotechnology systems and technologies. Mobiles devices have been embedded with specific features for them to be intelligent, autonomous, and robust to survive without categorical management. Also, deployment and mobility of these portable devices have implied that there are limited restrictions and limited size on their consumption of power [3]. Other necessities for intelligent mobile systems introduced by nanotechnology include the ability to interact and interface with other environments devices, context, sensing, increased data rate, and awareness. These requirements need more computing power and memory. Thus, with nanotechnology in communication engineering, the communication field will continue to evolve in the coming years and next generations [5].
ESSENTIAL INNOVATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Nanotechnology has played significant roles in the field of communication engineering. Nanotechnology has made various revolutions in different aspects, which deal with communication technologies and their structures. Nanotechnology has led to numerous innovations and applications in the communication sector. Nanotechnology has, therefore, impacted the communications industry in many ways with its innovations [4]. The significant innovation of nanotechnology in communication engineering includes Nano Communication and Network, Nano Intelligent Things, Wireless Technology, and Mobile and Wireless. These innovations are discussed below.
Nano communication and network are mechanical devices that rely on parts of the nanometer scale [3]. Mechanical devices accommodate the limit of fragments usage on a nanometer scale and describe sub-nuclear structures that enable conveyance, detection, and processing of information. Communication systems, which were based on electromagnetic waves as a basic approach to connect microelectronic devices. The waves transmit wirelessly. In the present, nanotechnology has been applied to these systems. The establishment of Nano communication, bidirectional wirelesses, and radiofrequency systems have facilitated coordination in Nanomachines, especially in devices that require improvement in the Nanoscale antenna for the highest frequencies [3]. The communication amongst the Nanoscale machines is known as Molecular communication. Molecular communication represents the reception and transmission of data encoded in terms of molecules [5]. Molecular communication interconnects many Nanomachines, resulting in the Nano network. Nano network is used to encoded messages in the form of molecules. The techniques of coding represent the information in the Nano network [4]. The techniques are referred to as molecular encoding, and it utilizes internal constraints of the molecules to encrypt the information. These parameters include chemical structures, relative locating of molecular components, and polarization. [6] The receiver can sense definite molecules for decoding the information. These techniques are similar to the use of encoded packets in communication networking. The intended receiver can read the information.
In the Nano network, messages are in the form of molecules [3]. The messages being transferred are more correlated to phenomena, processes, and chemical states. Communication amongst Nanomachines occurs as in the outdated communication models. Nanomachines have to transfer messages to a receiver from a carrier [6]. The information being transported need to be coded in the transmitter and be decoded in the phone or receiver. The messages are in the form of molecules [2]. These molecule messages are presenting predefined peripheral structures, allowing acknowledgment at the receivers [6]. This molecular message has to be inactive to prevent reaction with other molecules or messages in the medium.
Additionally, molecular messages can be abolished without impacting the information they are decoding at the Nanomachine receiver. Message carriers are molecules. These carriers enable the transportation of chemo that contain information [4]. The use of molecules to transmit or carry information in molecular communication was adopted from biological systems [1]. The carriers transporting information can be either a molecular motor or calcium ins. For example, molecular motors, such as kinesin, myosin, and dynein, are proteins that make their movements by utilizing chemical energy for transmission of information molecule packet from the transmitter from the receiver [3]. The molecular motors move molecules together with molecular rails referred to as microtubules. In addition, the calcium ions carriers are utilized by the to moderate ions concentration in frequency and amplitude that encodes the information. In molecular communication, the information exchange medium can either be dry or wet. For instance, in the monitoring of the environment, Nano networks, and the speed of transmission of data depend on the condition of the medium.
IoT has been described as the organization of physical things presented with sensors, programming, equipment, and networking system to enable the attainment of organized exchange of data with the executives and other associated objects [1]. IoT is accompanied by Nano Intelligent Things (NIT) to transform data amongst chips, to the machines, and to the general populace [3]. Nanochips are self-learning by elevation of themselves and illustrating affirmation each time. The Internet of Things and nanotechnology offers a Nano size of things, which enable communication with the potential to interact with machines and humans efficiently.
Moreover, Nano Intelligent Things (NIT) are providing smart ways for dynamic connections. [4] All Nano things are contacting with the Internet and with other Nano applications and systems, such as connecting devices for medicinal nanoparticles with nanoparticles devices and the Internet [5]. Contact of the devices with the human body offers other applications that are essential for humans. Besides, there are several smart applications like the production of the nanoscale machine, which is capable of connecting to the Internet and be controlled from a distance.
Telecommunication enterprises are using nanotechnology. [4] Nanotechnology has affected the operation of the cellular network by adding precision in security with a better impact on the sensors. Wireless technology and the intellectual operations that ensure communication and computation are being implemented in telecommunication industries. The invention of Nanotechnology and intelligent concepts in mobile devices have assisted in the embedment of the devices in human-environment [5]. The embedment of the devices in the human setting has created a new platform that permits the presence of computing and sensing. The Nanodevices can be loaded for achieving abilities, such as sensitivity to the environment, self-powering, as well as allowing smart communication with other systems.
In cellular phones, the enhancement in the carbon nanotube has been added [1]. In the next generations of mobile systems, cells will be called Nanodevices; these devices are fitted out with nanotechnology. The relevant visions of the wireless industries are to attain a means of Nano intellectual technologies to be prepared for smartly serving persons. As a result, the requirement is that network mobile and devices with the intellect means are all mind to be inserted in the human environment, such as the workplace, home, and public places that have created new platforms. The platforms, therefore, allow computing and sensing in Nano communication systems.
Nanotechnology has led to the innovation of portable mobile devices. These devices can be attached to different human environments, such as offices and homes, in conjunction with cell phones. The key requirement for implantation of the devices into physical things is that these devices can adjust to the surroundings and change into a part of the system of devices incorporating them. Nanotechnology helps in the innovation of new types of intuitive Nanosensors and Nanodevices, which can interconnect with the organic framework. Nanotechnology provides possibilities that may be complicated as helping in the advancement of circumstances like humans’ environment, or as basic as perceptive whether the organic products are damaged or healthy.
Wireless devices for nanotechnology have remote sensors. Remote sensors have been involved in researches for the perfection of military nanotechnologies. These sensors are perceived as an essential method for collecting information about neighborhood environments and the development hardware to analyze constant harm, which is the viability of the enemy’s assault. Application of Nanosensors in observation is also another key enhancement of the precision of conveying weapons and heightening the lethality of attacks. For example, by providing data for changing control levels [3]. These Nano wireless strategies can be distributed over a battle to record information on increasing speed, temperature, vibration, weight, magnetics, and light.
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS NANOTECHNOLOGY
New technologies have had significant social implications globally [1]. For example, technologies, such as inventions of the telephone, the DC monitor, the combustion engine, the smartphone, and the television changed the societies when they were introduced. For this reason, nanotechnology has been accompanied by controversies and debates between enthusiastic proponents and opponents.
The enthusiastic proponents see nanotechnology as a way to improve and progress the performance of the economy while opponents fear the harm that this new technology has on the societal fabric. The opponents claim that nanotechnology has the potential to damage the environment, affecting the health of societies around the world. The primary concern to opponents is the high toxicity level of nanotechnology materials [1]. Many materials of nanoparticles and nanotubes of nanotechnology have been characterized to have a high toxicity. Thus, the adoption of these materials in commercial products can cause health concerns. As a result, testing for the length of their toxicity in nanotechnology innovations in communication systems is necessary.
The application of nanotechnology also has social implications. Enhanced sensing and computing, for instance, are useful objectives when appropriately used [1]. Sensing and computing can support healthcare, improve human welfare and safety, enhance entertainment, and information exchange. However, if enhanced sensing and computing are not appropriately utilized, the technologies can lead to the analysis of communication, which turns to be detrimental to human rights and freedom.
Involvement of nanotechnology in the interaction between nature and humans, the boundaries between have an impact on society [2]. Nanotechnology is providing tools with are harmful to humans, affecting the course of their lives. For instance, replacements parts provided by this technology has increased human life span by order of magnitude. However, this development has impacted societies in one way or another.
THE FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION
Communication engineering experts and scholars are expecting that nanotechnology is going to bring many changes in communication. These changes will lead to different generations of communication systems [3]. For instance, emerging of Nanomaterials will result in faster non-silicon-based memory, processors, and chipsets [3].
Moreover, nanotechnology development in communication engineering. For example, the innovation of Nano headphones will function as the cell phone will be facilitated by nanotechnology. Headphones will be integrated with voice-activated technology to enable amplified listening from a location focused microphone interface [2]. In addition, technologies such as chips in blouse, shirt, and pants, will be empowered by nanotechnology to permit fast and secure access to owners’ items. Further, OLED innovation for natural light-emanating diode has also been predicted. OLED will enhance screens for the advancement of mobile phones and various communication media communications [4]. OLED screens will be utilized in surfaces in many households for computational purposes.
Furthermore, speculation messaging is another essential expectation innovation of nanotechnology in communication. The messaging will provide faster and better voicing communication than the current mobile messaging model. Speculation messaging also deals with tracking and sensing technology headset with the ability to transmit inspections into messages [4]. The field of communication engineering is, therefore, expected to experience useful communication techniques based on nanotechnology future studies.
Nanotechnology is an engineering, technology, and science conducted at the nanoscale that is approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology evolution can be traced from the 1800s to the different chemists, physicists, and mathematicians, such as James Clark Maxwell. In communication, nanotechnology has led to the innovation of Nano communication and network, Internet of Things, Wireless Technology, and Mobile and Wireless Devices. Like other new technologies, nanotechnology has impacted society due to its high level of toxicity. Finally, communication engineering scholars and professionals expected that nanotechnology would continue to bring new media for transferring data from the sender to the receiver. These experts predict that nanotechnology will lead to innovation of Nano headphones, which interact as cell phones. Thus, nanotechnology will play a significant role in the next generations of the communication system.