Unit 5 Lab: Digestive System and Nutrition Instructions
Estimated time to complete: 2 hours
If you have any questions, need further clarification, or experience any problems completing this lab, please reach out to your instructor for assistance.
Digestive Anatomy
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Digestive Processes
The Six Processes of Digestive
Ingestion- it is the process through which foods enters the alimentary canal through the mouth. In the mouth, the second process of digestion, mechanical digestion, takes place. Food is broken down into smaller pieces, in a process that does not interfere with the chemical composition of the food. Mechanical digestion continues in the small intestine through the process of segmentation. The circular muscles of the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal contracts, breaking the food further and exposing more surface area to digestive enzymes.
Propulsion– food leaves the mouth in a process through which the tongue and pharyngeal muscles propel it to the oesophagus. The movement of the food down the digestive tract is called propulsion. It comprises of both the voluntary process of swallowing and peristalsis, an involuntary process through the alimentary wall muscles contract and relax propelling the food along.
Chemical digestion– the chemical digestion is initiated in the mouth, where saliva contains digestive enzymes that break down complex food molecules into simple building block elements. Digestive secretions involved in this process include enzymes, acids and salts. The process ends in the small intestines.
Absorption-it is the process through which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the bloodstream. The process takes place in the small intestines.
Defecation- it is the process through which undigested food material is removed from the body.
Key
Green- Propulsion
Cyan-Chemical Digestion
Blue-Absorption
Pink- Defecation
Red-Ingestion
Yellow-Mechanical Digestion
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Liver
Transmission of Hepatitis A, B and C
Hepatitis A, B and C lead to acute liver infection. The diseases are diagnosed through serological screening.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A virus is transmitted faecal-orally. Infection may occur through contact with faeces that contain the virus or taking untreated water.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus is transferred vertically from mother to child, parenterally and sexually. Infection can occur through contacting infected blood, semen or other body fluids.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C virus is transmitted parenterally, with few cases of sexual and vertical transmissions. This can occur through blood transfusion, use of unsafe injections.
Macromolecules
Carbohydrate
Starch is the main form of complex carbohydrate that is digested by the body into glucose.
Carbohydrates provide the body with energy to perform all cellular functions, as well as a carbon source which is the building block of molecules such as DNA within the body.
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Digestive System Pathology
Ulcerative Colitis Vs Crohn’s Disease
Both Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease leads to chronic inflammation that can affect any part of the digestive tract from mouth to the anus. Ulcerative colitis is an intense inflammatory process which is restricted to the large intestines and particularly the inner walls of the large intestines.